Selfie, Mood and Dress Code

 

“A Comparative Linguistic Analysis of Anglicisms: 'Mood,' 'Dress Code,' and 'Selfie' in Italian, French, and Spanish”

Authors: Serena Stilo- Paola Canale

Institution: University for Foreigners “Dante Alighieri” of Reggio Calabria (ITALY)

 

ABSTRACT

 

 

This research offers an insight on the phenomenon of three Anglicisms: selfie, dress code, and mood used in Italian, French, and Spanish. Through a flexible study of their integration and prevalence in the above-mentioned languages, this paper underlines how English has influenced current vocabulary of different languages. The results show how these English-borrowed words have been adopted and used in common speech, demonstrating the impact of globalization on linguistic patterns. This comparative study sheds light on the spread of anglicizations across languages and their function in modern discourse. As a matter of fact, English terms have been incorporated into languages like Italian, French, and Spanish, clearly demonstrating how contemporary linguistic development has become more and more rapid and profoundly mixed up.

In Italian, the word mood is used when describing an emotional condition or environment in informal conversation or on social media networks, especially among younger generations. Moreover, the term dress code refers to the general culture about what is deemed appropriate for dressing in professional or fashion contexts.

A selfie, a new-born word, is a self-portrait photograph taken by the person with the help of either a smartphone or a digital camera. This, in essence, is the straight difference between traditional and self-photography, which involves an individual taking the picture of themselves by extending their arm out with the camera, or placing the camera in front of them on a tripod stand or any other valid support, for example, by the help of a self-stick, for that purpose. A selfie’s origin can be traced back to the English word self, which stands for oneself or the self, and the suffix -ie which seems to be an informal English form added to everyday actions or objects. Such popularity of the given word points out how these are also linked to a wider cultural phenomenon related to a growing concern with the self and the emergence of technologies that enable a new form of image-making and image-sharing instantaneously. The word selfie has, over the years, become so widely incorporated in several languages that it has found its place in the most colloquial and formal speeches, not only surfing the internet websites but also reading out the pages of print media, posters and even in nowadays dictionaries.

Italian has adopted ‘selfie’ with ease; the phrase is used without any need for translation, giving rise to concepts that stem from it, such as selfista.  In France, the English term 'selfie' gradually propagated and it is used among the youth who are inclined to preserving and sharing their experiences through technology.

Its diffusion into other languages, for instance, French, has enhanced the process of making this verbal expression a norm, not simply as a form of an action but also as a particular sociocultural discourse. The phrase selfiser has been nativized to comply with the French language's grammatical structure, as seen by the French creating versions such as this.

By analyzing the lexical items: dress code and mood in Spanish, we consider that mood is also used like it is in Italian and French, mostly in conversation and on social media. Its Spanish equivalent estado de ánimo is more professional and less common in ordinary conversations; while the word dress code is used in invitations and business communications, preferring it to código de vestimenta or normas de etiqueta. Although the French has included the word code vestimentaire, dress code is also, at the same time, adopted in French, but that is mainly welcomed in official and commercial contexts.

The integration of ‘mood’, ‘dress code’ and ‘selfie’ into Italian, French, and Spanish languages, shows off how influential English was worldwide in cultural transitions towards more global and digitalized forms of communication.

 

 

“A Comparative Linguistic Analysis of Anglicisms: 'Mood,' 'Dress Code,' and 'Selfie' in Italian, French, and Spanish”

 

For most of its history, English has had little impact on other languages; its current status as the world's most significant word donor is comparatively recent (Filipović, 1996). English was more of an importer than an exporter of words, especially following the Norman conquest in 1066, absorbing many foreign borrowings from sources like Latin and French. The situation started to shift only in the latter part of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Throughout Europe, interest in England and English culture started growing initially in France and subsequently in Italy and other countries. Because of this anglicization process of the 18th century, English terms were borrowed into French, Spanish, Italian, and other languages. As far back as the 19th century, intellectuals and cultural institutions in these nations lamented that the influx of English words and phrases was escalating (Pulcini, 1997). However, for all these anxieties, English has survived and expanded – particularly after globalization and the arrival of mass media. Pulcini (2015:17) emphasized that the global dominance of English-speaking nations reinforces English as a lingua franca, leading to an "Anglicization of European lexis, through the import and assimilation of English words in the vocabularies of European languages”.

 

The incorporation of English terminology into these languages is now not only acceptable but also a distinguishing characteristic of contemporary linguistic tendencies. This phenomenon is visible in several fields, including business, popular culture, digital communication, and technology.

Tracing the path of these terms through Spanish, Italian and French is a revealing exercise that illustrates the process of integrating loanwords from English. This linguistic phenomenon reflects a broader socio-cultural dynamic on a global scale. The adoption and adaptation of English terms into these languages are not just accidental borrowings but are closely related to significant social processes such as globalization, cultural exchange, digital media, and technological progress.

The very fact is that digital communication is becoming a major attractor for (inter)cultural debates where it is important to get rid of linguistic boundaries.

 

These loanwords are common places where language boundaries become ambiguous and a kind of universal language code is born. This is especially true of the youth language where words originally from English are frequently taken and re-translated for local linguistic purposes while being equally global in their appeal.

For example, words such as "selfie", "mood" and "dress code" belong to popular mainstream culture and indeed, they are used almost universally and especially by young people regardless of their native language, creating a shared vocabulary that transcends national and linguistic boundaries. This paper focuses on these three English words (selfie, mood, dress code) considered as Anglicisms of a pure type or adopted anglicisms,“retained words, obviously of English heritage, imported in their original spelling” (Furiassi, Pulcini, Rodríguez González, 2012).

These three items revolve around a network of trends, style, beauty, and friendship in pop culture, a world of modern popular culture transmitted via the mass media and aimed particularly at younger people. What is popular, in fact, influences all aspects of existence, such as customs, ways of living and also languages. Thus, popular attitudes are elements that contribute to the creation of trends and determine the penetration of certain trendy words into social life (Noris and Cantoni, 2022). According to Gerding et al. (2014), Anglicisms[1] about computer technology (e.g., selfie) or socio-cultural aspects of life (e.g., mood, dress code) have become widely accepted across several languages, likely due to their "globally transparent" nature and popularity among an extensive range of young people from Europe and beyond.

 

This tendency underlines the role of English as a global lingua franca, particularly in digital and media-driven communication. It also illustrates how languages are evolving in response to socio-cultural influences, with younger generations leading the way in adopting these new linguistic codes. As these English terms become entrenched in everyday language, they contribute to the development of a more interconnected and culturally fluid global society. In this sense, the integration of Anglicisms can be seen as part of a larger process of linguistic and cultural convergence, in which global influences shape local languages and local language use in turn shapes the global linguistic landscape.

The proliferation of Anglicisms has been expedited by the global impact of American and British media, encompassing social media platforms, music, film, and television (Crystal, 2003) and it can be attributed to the dominance of English as the lingua franca of international communication, science, and technology. For example, the ubiquity of social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter has led to the influx of English-derived phrases into the vernacular of young people, who frequently use them without context.

English is perceived as a lingua franca in many professional and creative fields, including fashion. For instance, fashion acts as a worldwide trendsetter and a popular culture barometer, reflecting individuals’ cultural identities, values, symbols, as well as societal elements related to art, status and technologies (Hancock, 2019). The phenomenon of anglicization in the fashion industry is exemplified by a lot of word examples, but in this case study, we focus on the widespread adoption of the term "dress code”, a key fashion-related term, well-grounded in society by now. This expression, originally rooted in English, has transcended linguistic boundaries and found a place in various languages, including Italian. The term refers to the set of rules or expectations regarding appropriate attire for specific occasions, which has become increasingly relevant in our globalized society.

 

The prominence of fashion centers such as London and New York enhances the prestige associated with English terminology. This elevated status motivates non-English speakers to incorporate English expressions, such as "dress code," into daily discourse. Major fashion brands, frequently originating from English-speaking countries, employ English in their marketing strategies. This approach not only advances their products but also integrates the English language into the fabric of international fashion culture. The spread of English fashion terms, like "dress code," highlights the ongoing connection between language and culture in today's digital world. As fashion evolves globally, the language surrounding it will also change, creating a rich blend of linguistic and cultural exchange.

 

According to [2](2003: 120-123), the natural adaptation of Anglicisms in Italian indicates that “Italians willingly use these terms to respond to the context around them and to the globalized world.

In Italian, for instance, the expression "dress code" is often used in formal and informal settings, reflecting a growing awareness of international fashion standards. Italian businesses, schools, and social events frequently adopt the term, indicating a shift towards a more globalized understanding of style and propriety. This trend shows how English fashion vocabulary is smoothly blended into Italian conversations, where some lexical items may lack direct translations or convey different cultural meanings. Italian brands are increasingly using English phrases to reach a wider audience, which reinforces the use of terms like "dress code." Additionally, social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok play a big role in spreading fashion trends and language. Influencers and brands often use English, leading to the quick spread of expressions like "dress code" across different languages. The speed of digital communication allows for real-time changes in fashion language, making it easier for a global audience to understand. The merging of English terms with Italian not only represents language borrowing but also indicates a cultural shift. While "dress code" keeps its original meaning, it can also reflect specific cultural traits. For instance, in Italy, a "dress code" for a wedding might be understood through traditional Italian styles, blending the English idea with local customs.

In French and Spanish, the reception of the loanword "dress code" shows a complex interaction between native purist institutions and the strong impact of global fashion discussions.

In French, the English term "dress code" is commonly used in casual talks, digital marketing, workplaces, and social media. However, language planning groups like the Académie française and the Commission d’enrichissement de la langue française push for native alternatives. The officially suggested French translation is code vestimentaire, or tenue exigée for formal invitations. Linguists who study French anglicisms, such as John Humbley, Tibor Őrsi, and Henriette Walter, note a dual tendency within the language. Prestige media, corporate human resources, and youth culture often use "dress code" as a sign of modernity. In contrast, formal contexts and mainstream journalism typically prefer code vestimentaire. This situation highlights the ongoing influence of French language policies in providing functional native alternatives while still allowing some unadapted anglicisms to enter everyday use.

In Spanish, a similar conflict exists between institutional advice and everyday usage. The Real Academia Española (RAE) and the Fundación del Español Urgente (FundéuRAE) recommend replacing "dress code" with native phrases like código de vestimenta, reglas de vestimenta, or simply etiqueta. Sociolinguists and experts in Spanish fashion anglicisms, such as Felix Rodríguez González, who edits the Gran Diccionario de Anglicismos, and Isabel Balteiro, have recorded how English fashion terms infiltrate Spanish discourse. Their findings show that while "dress code" is widely used by fashion influencers, lifestyle magazines, and multinational companies to convey worldliness, native terms like código de vestimenta hold significant ground in formal documents, administrative situations, and mainstream media.

As a result, both French and Spanish feature a dual vocabulary. The unmodified English term "dress code" acts as a stylistic sign of modernity and global trends in informal or commercial areas. Meanwhile, code vestimentaire and código de vestimenta uphold institutional standards and provide clear meaning in formal communication.

Other examples of phrases such as "selfie", along with other popular terms like "hashtag," and "internet" have become commonplace in Italian, French, and Spanish, frequently with little to no alteration (Gottlieb, 2005). These words commonly convey a feeling of modernity and interconnectedness, either replacing preexisting phrases or covering lexical gaps in the target languages. The term "selfie" has become more than simply a fad in the digital age; it has become a deeply embedded cultural phenomenon, especially among younger generations. This new cultural practice has been greatly influenced by the widespread use of smartphones, and social media sites such as Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok. Apart from being a picture, the selfie is an act of self-affirmation and self-representation, and it reflects a need for worldwide connection and social approval. Once seen as a novelty, selfies “are socially legitimated as part of everyday life and undoubtedly an established global cultural phenomenon” (David, 2015: 84). It is so interwoven in the fabric of current life that its usage and importance transcend linguistic and cultural divides.

These words commonly convey a feeling of modernity and interconnectedness, either replacing preexisting phrases or covering lexical gaps in the target languages[3]. The term "selfie" has become more than simply a fad in the digital age; it has become a deeply embedded cultural phenomena, especially among younger generations.

 Despite coming from the English-speaking world, the term "selfie" has gained widespread understanding and acceptance in a variety of languages and cultures. A crucial point is highlighted by the term selfie's broad usage: the digital age has brought about a new kind of linguistic and cultural globalization where words, particularly those associated with technology and social media, are readily adopted and modified across various linguistic communities. Because of their widespread use, these phrases are frequently incorporated into different languages with little change. As a result, the term "selfie" is now so widely used and understood that it cuts beyond linguistic barriers, becoming natural to use the term in other languages.

 

These languages frequently adapt and change phrases from English to suit their morphological and phonetic systems, producing hybrid forms that expand their vocabulary even more, such as the Spanish “selfi”, (similar to the phenomenon of the verb "textear" = to text), and the Italian selfi” (similar to the phenomenon of "googlare" (to google), for instance, show how Anglicisms are not only adopted but also incorporated into the language's grammatical structure (Onysko & Michel, 2010).  As affirmed by Furiassi et al. (2012), the assimilation of English vocabulary needs to be regarded as an organic progression of linguistic development, mirroring the continuous engagement between many cultures and languages. Furthermore, the development of language involves more than just passively absorbing foreign vocabulary.

 

The acceptance and modification of Anglicisms demonstrate how dynamic such languages are and how they may change in reaction to outside forces. The truth is that these languages are expanding and adjusting to a globalized environment rather than losing their uniqueness, despite the ongoing concerns about linguistic purity.

 

In Spanish, for example, el/la/un/una selfie are currently used by Spanish speakers of both genders, an ambivalence that creates problems for gender-based grammatical structures and other aspects of their use in discourse (Muñoz-Basols & Salazar, 2019).  La Fundación del Español Urgente (Fundéu)[4], created in 2005, is an entity in charge of monitoring the entry of new words in Spanish (especially focusing on the mass media) and it, for example, has recently recommended using the Spanish alternative autofoto, instead of the Anglicism selfie (Muñoz-Basols&Salazar, 2006). Indeed, Muñoz-Basols and Salazar (2016:86), in their study, brought to life important reasons for borrowing and adapting English words in Spanish and such reasons may range from “a desire for greater concreteness and linguistic brevity, or clarity of expression (e.g., agencia de rating vs. agencia de calificación crediticia), best evidenced in newspaper headlines (such as No hay default) [...]as well as emphasis, amusement or trendiness in advertising (e.g., fashionista)”.

 

 

In French, the word "selfie" is more popular in French than its original equivalent, "égoportrait," rarely used in everyday language, since the English term frequently predominates. The word "selfie" has spread throughout the world of social media and entered the vocabulary of the French language. Even where there are alternative expressions, even if technically accurate or more "French" in form, they are not necessarily used in French, as in many other languages. For example, the phrase "égoportrait" can be used, meaning "self-portrait," but it would still have a different meaning than "selfie”. Several French scholars and linguists have explored this phenomenon. Le Petit Robert et Le Petit Larousse is a resource that tracks new terms entering the French language, the authors note the rise of "selfie" and its wide adoption, as a part of a broader pattern of "anglicization" in modern French. They argue that the widespread use of "selfie" is a result of the global influence of English, particularly through the media and the internet, which has made English terms more recognizable and appealing than French.

In Combat pour le français. Au nom de la diversité des langues et des cultures, the French linguist Claude Hagège (2006) analyses several English terms in various domains such as technology, business, and social media and suggests that in many contexts, French speakers prefer the English term "selfie," which are strongly tied to digital culture and global connectivity, because it is shorter, more internationally recognized, and often perceived as cooler or more modern than its French equivalents.

 

Moreover, he examines how French speakers, especially younger generations, have integrated the term "selfie" into their everyday jargon. He notes that these Anglicisms often emerge when it may not have had a pre-existing term in French. He argues that selfie has become so widely accepted and embedded in the language that it feels natural to use it, even if égoportrait could be a technically accurate substitute (Hagège, 2006). In summary, the widespread use of "selfie" over "égoportrait" in French is a reflection of how language adapts to modern influences. This trend has been documented in various works on linguistics and the evolution of modern French. "Égoportrait," while a valid and formal term, simply has not achieved the same level of ubiquity as its English counterpart.

 

We can mention an interesting case where a Snapchat[5] study was based on two guided focus group sessions done with Parisian groups of adolescents[6], where David studies the Snapchat dynamics, by affirming that they provoke “strong attachment between individuals, transforms these personal photos and videos into social currency with affective value” (David, 2015:80).

In this work, we understood that the word "selfie" carries with it the dimension of an ephemeral and short-term sharing that young people seek, a proof of the fleeting reality and this is the key concept of the photos taken via Snapchat on mobile devices, that of making the paradigm "here and now" (hic en nunc) law, of crystallizing fleeting and carefree moments, distancing for a moment the problems of real reality. Indeed, the author claims that “possessing the picture is not the goal for participants, rather their purpose is to have fun, to laugh and be connected immediately in a short-term sharing” (ibidem:84).

The importance of this term, therefore, opens an extent related to young people, which as in French is also common in other contexts, such as Italian and Spanish. If the equivalent were used in their own language, this would lead young people to connect it to a real dimension linked to their local reality, while using the foreign word "selfie" makes everything more universal and alien, which is what young people are looking for. It could be emphasized that these short-lived iconic sharing practices underscore that the meaning given to the aesthetics of a photo is no longer the core of its material essence, but rather its immediacy combined with its mobile, private and intimate shareability (ibidem, 86). So, if in Italian (autoscatto), in Spanish (autofoto) and in French (égoportrait) refer only to my unique identity (self), with the word selfie a different scenario is envisioned, where I share myself with others and wih a virtual community.

To conclude, in this paper we outlined some of the stages that Anglicisms go through as they enter the Spanish, French, and Italian languages, focusing on specific examples such as "mood”, “dress code" and "selfie" as case studies. In these languages, the use of these three phrases has increased significantly in recent past. To what extent do recent anglicisms (e.g., mood, dress code, selfie) retain their original spelling and phonology (foreignisms) as opposed to undergoing orthographic adaptation (e.g., selfi) or morphological adaptation (e.g., ghostare) across the different languages in the corpus? The answer is that these words originally appeared in a variety of contexts and they were either adopted as foreignisms in their original forms (mood, selfie, dress code), or they were modified orthographically (“selfi” in Spanish and Italian), partly as a result of recommendations from language institutions. This research aimed at highlighting the socio-cultural significance of linguistic borrowings and the role of youth in shaping global linguistic trends.

A promising area for future research involves looking into how recent anglicisms, specifically common English loanwords such as mood, dress code, and selfie, keep their original spelling and sound as unadapted foreign words or change in spelling (for example, selfi in Spanish and Italian). Future studies may use a mixed approach that combines historical corpus linguistics with surveys among young people to track these changes over time. By comparing how different language systems and institutions, such as prescriptive academies and descriptive language boards, respond to English borrowings, future researches could provide better insights into the interaction between language contact, morphological flexibility, and the social factors that influence global word integration.

 

Besides formal text collections and institutional dictionaries, an important aspect of expanding this research is to examine how young people use terms like mood, dress code, and selfie in their everyday language (langue des jeunes, lenguaje juvenil, linguaggio giovanile). As digital communication becomes a key area for language change, younger generations act as the main adopters of loanwords, shifts in meaning, and changes in structure. Further studies could collect and analyze digital ethnographic data, like instant messaging logs, WhatsApp/Telegram chats, and video comments on platforms like TikTok and Instagram, from young native speakers of Spanish, Italian, and French. Comparing these three Romance languages presents valuable opportunities for cross-language analysis. Although all share a common Latin background and similar structures, their speech communities show different social attitudes, institutional influences, and varying views on English borrowings.

 

Studying casual chats and informal interactions could show how young speakers handle words like selfie, which often compete with native alternatives or alternate spellings like selfi. They also use mood as an independent marker or emotional tag. Research can explore how these borrowed terms blend into the local language or become more specific to see if they follow the same patterns or diverge based on each language's structure. Moreover, such studies could assess whether young speakers see these anglicisms as just practical words when native options are missing, or as signs of closeness, irony, and belonging to a peer group. By examining code-switching, the use of pragmatic particles, and playful spelling changes in everyday conversations, future research can capture the ongoing changes in these loanwords before they either fade away as trendy slang or become established in common use. Ultimately, including youth language and online communication in comparative studies will connect static dictionary definitions with the dynamic reality of modern multilingual interaction.

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

• Crystal, D. (2003), English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press.
• Cerquiglini B. (2006), “La révolte des clercs. Estienne, Gourmont, Etiemble contre l’’invasion’ lexicale”. In Le Point sur la langue française, Bruxelles: Timperman.

·        David, G. (2015), “All What We Send Is Selfie: Images in the Age of Immediate Reproduction. Public Private, Mobile and digital communication approaches to public and private” in ffhal-01909313f.

• Dervin, F. (2016), Linguistic and Cultural Change: An International Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
• Filipović, R. (1996), “Englsih as a word donor to other languages of Europe” in The English Language in Europe, R. Hartmann (ed.), Oxford: Intellect, pp. 37-45.
• Furiassi C., Pulcini V., Rodríguez González F. (2012), The Anglicization of European Lexis. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Furiassi C., (2010) “False Anglicisms in Italian”. In Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher, Milano.

·    Gerding, C., Fuentes, M., Gómez, L. & Kotz, G. (2014), “Anglicisms: An active word-formation mechanism” in Spanish Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 16 (1), pp.40-54.

• Görlach, M. (Ed.). (2001). A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages. Oxford University Press.
• Görlach, M. (2002). English in Europe. Oxford University Press.
• Gottlieb, H. (2005), Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic Diversity in a Global Context. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Gusmani, R. (1986). Saggi sul contatto linguistico. Le Monnier.
• Hagège, C. (2006). Combat pour le français. Au nom de la diversité des langues et des cultures. Editions Odile Jacob, Paris.
• Hanchok.  (2019)
• Kosovych, O., Shon, O. (2025). “Lexical matrices within the framework of sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic theory: a case study of French–English code-switching” in Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis Philologica IV(3):126-139
• Marello, C. (2020), “New Words and New Forms of Linguistic Purism in the 21st Century: The Italian” in International Journal of Lexicography, 33(2), pp.168–186, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz034.

·         McRobbie, A. (1998). British Fashion Design: Ragged Edge. A&C Black.

·         Muñoz-Basols, J. and N. Hernández Muñoz. (2019). "El español en la era global: agentes y voces de la polifonía panhispánica." Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 6 (2), pp. 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/23247797.2020.1752019.

·         Muñoz-Basols, J., Pérez Sinusía, Y., and David, M. (2014), Spanish Idioms in Practice: Understanding Language and Culture. London and New York: Routledge.

·         Muñoz-Basols J., D. Salazar (2016), "Cross-Linguistic Lexical Influence between English and Spanish." In Spanish in Context 13 (1), pp. 80-102. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.13.1.04mun.

·         Muñoz-Basols J., D. Salazar (2019), "¿Nos hacemos un/una selfie con la/el tablet? Cross-Linguistic Lexical Influence, Gender Assignment and Linguistic Policy in Spanish." In Revista Signos. Estudios de linguistica 52 (99), pp. 77-108. https://doi.org/10.4067/50718-09342019&0100077

• Mykytka I. (2017), “The Influence of English on the Spanish Register of Photography: An Empirical Study” in ESP Today (Journal of English for specific purposes at tertiary level)

·         Noris A., Cantoni L. (2022). Digital Fashion Communication: An (Inter)cultural Perspective. Brill Research Perspectives in Humanities and Social Sciences and Brill Research Perspectives in Popular Culture, 2022.

• Onysko A., Michel, S. (2010). Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic Diversity in a Global Context. Cambridge University Press.
• Planchon C. (2017). “Anglicismes dans la presse crite” [Anglisisms in the written press]. In the Journal of French language, 28(1), pp. 43-66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959269517000047
•  Prat Zagrebelsky, M. T. (2001). L'inglese e le altre lingue: Un'analisi comparativa degli anglicismi. Edizioni dell'Orso.
• Pruvost, J. (2020). “La story de la langue française: Ce que le français doit à l'anglais et vice-versa”. Editions Tallandier.
• Pulcini V. (1997), "Anglicisms in Italian: A Comparative Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing." Journal of Language Contact.
•  Pulcini V. (2015).” English as a Medium of Instruction: Sharing opinions”. In InCONTRI – Rivista di Lingue e Letterature Straniere e Culture Moderne.
•  Pulcini V., (2017). “Anglicisms in Italian: Moving on into the Third Millennium”. In Boggio C. and Molino A. (eds.), English in Italy. Linguistic, Educational and Professional Challenges, FrancoAngeli, Milan.
• Pulcini V. (2023), “The Influence of English on Italian. Lexical and Cultural Features” in Language Contact and Bilingualism, 23:1.
• Rodríguez González F. (1996), Spanish and English in Contact: Issues in Bilingualism. Mouton de Gruyter.
• Saugera V. (2017), Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French. Oxford UP. ISBN 9780190625542. Pp. XV + 205.

·         Tynan C., McKechnie S. (2009). Co-creating Value for Customers. Business Strategy Review, 20(2), pp. 29-34.

• Zanola M.T. ( 2002). “Politica linguistica e creazione neologica nel francese”. In L’inglese e le altre lingue europee. Studi sull’interferenza linguistica, Bologna: Clueb.

 

---

[1] Gottlieb's definition of Anglicisms is interesting: "any individual or systemic language feature adapted or adopted from English, or inspired or boosted by English models, used in intralingual communication in a language other than English” (2005: 163).

[2] Furiassi highlighted, the reasons for choosing an Anglicisms often seem correlated to “the taste for the exotic” and “the charm of a foreign language” (2010: 63).

[3] Sometimes, as Gottlieb affirms, the preponderant occurrence of English words into young people’s language means that there is no lack of a corresponding native term, but rather this intentional choice of Anglicism is the result of an internalized acquisition of loanwords (2005).

[4] “La Fundación del Español Urgente —FundéuRAE (The Urgent Spanish Foundation —FundéuRAE)  is a non-profit institution whose main objective is to promote the proper use of Spanish in the media. Promoted by the Real Academia Española (RAE) and the EFE Agency, it was created in 2005 as a result of an agreement between EFE and the BBVA bank, with the advice of the Real Academia Española” (https://www.fundeu.es/Sobrefundeubbva/quienes-somos/ ).

[5] _{Snapchat is a social network much loved by the youngest. In this application, you can post snaps (photos, selfies and videos to be made directly from the application) and for this reason, it is a place where it is possible to find a lot of English words spoken by young people from all over the world.}

[6] _{The study was carried out in Paris between May and June 2014. One session consisted of a group of five 16-17-year-old French, female teenage friends, and the other session of a five 16-year-old French, male, teenage friends.}